Pensamiento Americano
type: channel
description: Pensamiento Americano is a scientific of continuous publication with four-monthly quarterly cuts (January-April, May-August, September-December). That is developed in the fields of knowledge of the Humanities and Social Sciences. Its purpose is to promote and disseminate written research to promote and enrich the multiple debates that are shaken around the Social Sciences. ISSN-e: 2745-1402
publisher: Corporación Universitaria Americana
language: en
publication name: Pensamiento Americano
issn: 2027-2448
copyright: The author or authors of an article accepted for publication in the Journal Pensamiento Americano will transfer all of the patrimonial rights to the American University Corporation free of charge, within which are included: the right to edit, publish, reproduce and distribute both print media as digital, in addition to include in article in international indexes and / or databases, likewise, the Editorial Seal is authorized to use the images, tables and / or any graphic material presented in the article for the design of covers or posters from the same magazine. By assuming the patrimonial rights of the article, it may not be partially or totally reproduced in any printed or digital media without its express permission. AUTHORITY ASPECTS For the Pensamiento Americano Journal, all the authors of an article have made substantial contributions to the research and the manuscript, and they share the responsibility when the article presents errors, fraud in some way or violations of copyright. After submitting an article, the journal does not accept the addition, deletion or change in the order of the authors, in addition we reserve the right to release the article when it has been submitted to the journal and under no circumstances will American Thought accept the article. withdrawal of an article during any phase of the editorial process
items: Empirical Evidence on Interventions for Strengthening Learning Skills in University Students: A Literature Review
items: Conceptual Cartography of the Mexican Political Communication Model: democratic evolution between control and participation
items: General and differential mechanisms of citizen participation: Prior consultation and victims’ participation boards
items: Physical education curriculum in primary education: A systematic review of the literature (2010-2025)
items: Governance of Genetic Resources and Traditional Agricultural Knowledge in Colombia: A Food Sovereignty Approach
items: Culture of peace and eco-social issues in the traditional retail trade of Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico
items: Methodology for Developing Scientific and Technological Literacy Texts: From Theory to Educational Practice
items: The Human Right to Development: Challenges and Perspectives
items: Knowledge, attitude, practice, and teaching context regarding educational inclusion in religious higher education
items: Early Maladaptive Schemas and Suicide in a Group of Colombian University Students, 2023
items: Appropriation of rural territory through narrative as a psychosocial strategy in children
items: Active participation in the current context of higher education.
items: Vocational guidance programs in technical secondary education in Colombia: scoping review
items: Narratives of the Educational Community and the Institutional Horizon: Tensions and Convergences in the Construction of School Identity
items: Model of weight bias internalization over body image, eating behavoir and photografic control
items: Collaborative Environments with Simulators: A Didactic Strategy to Strengthen Scientific Thinking in Schools
items: Approach to cognitive rehabilitation in people with intellectual disabilities through the use of computerized programs: a review of the concept of intellectual disability
items: Illicit Enrichment in the Public Sector: A Systematic Review of the Literature
items: Quality and relevance of professional training in Speech Therapy: opinions of graduates and employers
items: Pedagogical and Technological Guidelines: Integrating ICT into Pedagogical Practice for School Coexistence
items: Difficulties in the Pronunciation of English Vowel Sounds in Sixth Grade Spanish-Speaking Students in Barranquilla, Colombia
items: Occupational stress based on psychosocial risks in teleworkers in Colombia.
items: EFL learning through ICT: 10th graders’ perceptions during the COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia
items: Design-based research for generating learning opportunities in school mathematics in rural contexts
items: Trade Dress as an Asset of Intellectual Property: A Vision from the North American Legal Thought
items: Exploring relationship between age and environmental sustainability behaviors among students at Simón Bolívar University
items: Impact of the Media San Francisco de Asís Educational Institution in Medellin
items: Female empowerment: main idea of social change in the colombian countryside
items: Intersections of work, families and care: ¿reconciliation with co-responsibility?
items: Cognitive Interactions: The Relationship between Working Memory and Reading Comprehension in Elementary School Children

Empirical Evidence on Interventions for Strengthening Learning Skills in University Students: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Introduction: In recent decades, universities have faced increasing challenges regarding academic performance, student retention, and the need to foster skills that facilitate more self-directed and self-regulated learning. Educational research has increasingly focused on how to cultivate cognitive, metacognitive, self-regulatory, socio-emotional, and digital skills in college students (Hattie, 2009; Panadero, 2017; Zimmerman & Schunk, 2011). Objective: This article explores the empirical evidence related to interventions designed to enhance learning skills in higher education. Methodology: Through a review of research published between 2016 and 2025, theoretical and methodological patterns are identified, the main lines of intervention are highlighted, and the observed effects are analyzed, in addition to pointing out some gaps that still exist in the literature. Conclusions: The text considers how this may influence the design of evidence-based programs and suggests several guidelines for future research aimed at making these interventions more effective, relevant, and sustainable in the academic setting.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-regulated
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Abril Isabel García Caro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
ending page: 1055
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.1055

Conceptual Cartography of the Mexican Political Communication Model: democratic evolution between control and participation
type: item
description: Introduction: The study of political communication models is crucial in democratic societies. Aim: The aim of this Conceptual Cartography was to qualitatively analyze the Mexican Political Communication Model based on the categories: notion, categorization, characterization, differentiation, connection, and exemplification. Method: A rigorous search was conducted in the databases Dialnet, Google Scholar, Redalyc, and SciELO, from which, after applying inclusion criteria, 36 documents were admitted for analysis. Results: The analysis suggests that the Mexican Political Communication Model has been shaped by multiple reforms. Conclusion: These reforms allow us to identify that the future of the Mexican Political Communication Model appears to lie in social media, which, as digital means of communication, must be regulated by the National Electoral Institute (INE) to control the political and electoral information published therein, in order to prevent, among other disinformative uses, the dissemination of fake news, the use of bots, harassment, and smear campaigning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: conceptual cartography
  topic: keywords
subject: political communication model
  topic: keywords
subject: elections
  topic: keywords
subject: mexican democracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandro Escudero-Nahón
creator: Karime López Álvarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
ending page: 1045
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.1045

General and differential mechanisms of citizen participation: Prior consultation and victims’ participation boards
type: item
description: Introduction: Citizen participation constitutes a fundamental pillar of the constitutional State, as it enables the active involvement of society in public decision-making processes; however, its implementation reveals tensions when the specific needs of historically vulnerable groups are examined. Objective: To analyze citizen participation mechanisms from a dual constitutional perspective: a general approach that encompasses participation mechanisms designed for the citizenry as a whole, and a differential approach focused on specific instruments such as prior consultation and victims’ participation bodies. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical scope, grounded in documentary analysis of constitutional norms, statutory provisions, and jurisprudential developments, employing legal and comparative analysis techniques. Results: The study identifies the dimensions of participation as a constitutional value, right, principle, and duty, along with their legal attributes, revealing substantial differences between general participation mechanisms and those of a differential nature, which incorporate affirmative action criteria and the recognition of cultural and social particularities. Conclusions: It is concluded that citizen participation requires a differentiated approach to ensure the effective inclusion of vulnerable groups, thereby strengthening democratic legitimacy and the protection of fundamental rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Citizen participation
  topic: keywords
subject: differential approach
  topic: keywords
subject: prior consultation
  topic: keywords
subject: victims’ participation
  topic: keywords
subject: participation thresholds
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Mejia Turizo
creator: Oriana Carola Cortés Bracho
creator: Camilo Barragán Morales
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
ending page: 1041
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.1041

Physical education curriculum in primary education: A systematic review of the literature (2010-2025)
type: item
description: Introduction: The physical education curriculum in elementary school guides holistic development and meets students’ educational needs. Despite advances in inclusive and competency-based models, there remains a gap between the prescribed curriculum and educational practices. Objective: To analyze curricular approaches, structural components, implementation strategies, assessment practices, and challenges. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted covering the period from 2010 to July 2025, using the ERIC, SciELO, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dialnet, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Taylor & Francis, and Web of Science databases. A total of 557 articles were identified in the systematic review. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria using the Rayyan tool, 66 studies were selected for analysis. Results: The most common curriculum models focus on competencies, physical literacy, health, and inclusion, with strategies that promote teacher flexibility; assessment is oriented toward formative processes. On the other hand, there are limitations in terms of material and institutional resources and specialized teacher training. Conclusions: For these reasons, flexible and contextualized curricula are required, as well as professional development for teachers in elementary physical education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: physical education
  topic: keywords
subject: primary education
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic review
  topic: keywords
creator: Eder Jair Sepúlveda Molina
creator: Arays Hernández Garay
creator: Alejandro Valero Inerarity
creator: Mónica Paola Murcia Doncel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
ending page: 1012
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.1012

Governance of Genetic Resources and Traditional Agricultural Knowledge in Colombia: A Food Sovereignty Approach
type: item
description: Introduction: Although food sovereignty depends largely on control of agrobiodiversity and traditional knowledge, Colombia faces significant threats, such as biodiversity loss, dependence on commercial seeds, and unregulated bioprospecting. Objective: This article analyzes the relationship between genetic resource governance and food sovereignty in Colombia. Methodology: Through qualitative documentary analysis, this research evaluates how current agricultural policies and regulatory frameworks impact genetic diversity and the country’s ability to achieve autonomous food security. Results: The results reveal that traditional knowledge systems are fundamental to local adaptation, in situ conservation, and community empowerment; therefore, their erosion and biopiracy directly threaten these fundamental pillars. Conclusions: The analysis demonstrates that a governance model that prioritizes sustainable use and local control of genetic resources, together with the recognition of farmers’ rights, is essential to strengthening food sovereignty. Ultimately, the article advocates for legal reforms that integrate an “ecology of knowledge,” fostering dialogue between scientific and traditional systems to build resilient food systems for all Colombians.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecology of Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: ; Genetic Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Iván Vargas-Chaves
creator: José López-Oliva
creator: Mauricio Luna-Galván
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
ending page: 1010
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.1010

Culture of peace and eco-social issues in the traditional retail trade of Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico
type: item
description: Introduction: The diversification of food distribution establishments impacts on labor markets, norms and peaceful societies where the relationship between labor, capital and environment is articulated through social relations where disagreements arise to be addressed from the culture of peace; Objective: to analyze conflicts and culture of peace from the relational eco-social issue of the traditional retail trade of Ciudad Guzman in Jalisco, Mexico; Methodology: mixed study with 39 semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire where 805 people participated, using content analysis, descriptive statistics and Path analysis; Results: description of labor dynamics and social relations, reasons for starting the business, the type of product offered and types of suppliers; in the Path diagram the construct of environment contributes greater weight (0. 409) to the configuration of the ecosocial issue, conflicts are recovered where the role of the culture of peace is highlighted in their resolution from the voice of the participants; Conclusions: it is pertinent to continue developing this type of research to strengthen labor autonomy and family traditions that contribute to the culture of peace by managing tensions with suppliers, customers, competitors and society in general.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sociology of work
  topic: keywords
subject: culture of peace
  topic: keywords
subject: social sciences
  topic: keywords
subject: retail trade
  topic: keywords
creator: Margarita Cantero Ramírez
creator: José Luis Saldaña Contreras
creator: Lorena Martínez Martínez
creator: José Cruz Guzmán Díaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
ending page: 982
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.982

Methodology for Developing Scientific and Technological Literacy Texts: From Theory to Educational Practice
type: item
description: Introduction: The article addresses the gap between the epistemological treatment of scientific and technological literacy (STL) and its practical application in teacher education. Although its conceptual and theoretical dimensions have been widely developed, there is still a lack of pedagogical resources that effectively materialize STL in real educational contexts. Objective: To propose a methodology for the development of texts as STL resources that facilitate their practical implementation in educational settings, particularly in the training of science teachers. Methodology: A qualitative, descriptive, and propositional approach was adopted. The methodology was structured in two phases: preliminary planning (definition of objectives, communicative intention, target population, and STL indicators—IACT) and textual production (organization of chapters, narrative rhythm, and writing). The methodology was validated through fieldwork based on the didactic model of Mallart. iv) Results: The findings showed that the methodology enables the construction of contextualized, didactic, and scientifically rigorous texts. The case study involving science teachers and the use of Arduino demonstrated progress in the critical appropriation of knowledge and the development of the STL indicators (IACT).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Critical Thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Foresight Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Methodology
  topic: keywords
creator: Jose Luis Paternina Durán
creator: Alexandra María Silva Monsalve
creator: Julián Andrés Salamanca Bernal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
ending page: 973
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.973

The Human Right to Development: Challenges and Perspectives
type: item
description: Introduction: This research establishes a relationship between the conceptual and historical construction of the human right to development and the theory of unnamed (innominate) rights in Colombia, insofar as the latter allows for the recognition of this right within the domestic legal framework. Objective: The study aims to define the content of the human right to development, understanding it within the Colombian legal system. Methodology: The research is based on a qualitative approach, relying on jurisprudential and doctrinal analysis concerning the right to development and its connection with fundamental rights, including those unnamed rights that have been recognized through judicial rulings. Results: Among the findings, multiple court decisions were identified in which essential aspects of this right have been recognized and protected. Conclusions: The study highlights that the human right to development constitutes a fundamental mechanism within the category of emerging rights, aimed at ensuring conditions that promote well-being, dignity, and both individual and collective progress in society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Well-being and dignity
  topic: keywords
subject: Human right to development;
  topic: keywords
subject: Human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: Social progress
  topic: keywords
creator: Wilmar Niño
creator: Luz Mireya Mendieta Pineda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
ending page: 962
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.962

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and teaching context regarding educational inclusion in religious higher education
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions of the context related to inclusive education among teachers at a religious higher education institution in Colombia. Methodology: A quantitative approach was applied, with a cross-sectional analytical design and non-probability convenience sampling. A total of 214 active teachers from the Medellín and Bucaramanga campuses participated. Data collection was carried out using a validated 65-item questionnaire, distributed in four dimensions, and administered through Google Forms. Results: The results showed that teachers presented predominantly moderate to high levels of knowledge (46.7% moderate, 22.4% high) and broadly favorable attitudes (61.2% high, 29% very high). However, a significant gap in inclusive practices was identified, with 83.6% at low levels. The perception of the institutional context was positive, with 50% at a high level and 43.5% at a moderate level. A statistically significant difference was found between gender and the practical dimension (p = .044), which was weakly associated. Conclusions: Although there is a favorable attitude and a supportive environment, a critical gap persists between teacher disposition and its effective application, which requires sustained training and structural interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teacher attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogical practices
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusive education
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional context
  topic: keywords
subject: faith-based institution
  topic: keywords
subject: teacher knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Pablo Martines
creator: Edgardo Javier Ramos-Caballero
creator: Marian Lisseth Castro-Parra
creator: Sarai Ana Ortega-Pineda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
ending page: 957
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.957

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Suicide in a Group of Colombian University Students, 2023
type: item
description: Introduction: The phenomenon of suicide among young populations has gained increasing relevance due to its rising incidence, particularly in university contexts where multiple risk factors converge. Objective: To analyze the relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and suicide risk in a sample of students from various fields of knowledge at private universities in Colombia. Methodology: A quantitative study was conducted, with a correlational scope and a cross-sectional design. The YSQ-L2 and the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale were administered to a non-probabilistic sample of N = 318 participants. Results: The findings revealed a significant correlation between several EMS and suicide risk, with the schemas of abandonment, insufficient self-control/self-discipline, and unrelenting standards I being the most prevalent. Conclusions: Early identification of these schemas may enable the design of preventive strategies within the university setting, contributing to the promotion of psychological well-being and the prevention of youth suicide.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Early Maladaptive Schemas
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Suicide
  topic: keywords
subject: University
  topic: keywords
creator: Wilber Arduai Mejía Toro
creator: Andrés Felipe Rúa Salazar
creator: Jesús David Matta Santofimio
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
ending page: 947
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.947

Appropriation of rural territory through narrative as a psychosocial strategy in children
type: item
description: i) introduction: the territory can be constructed as a symbolic and affective space in which bonds, practices, and collective memories become integrating elements of community dynamics. Childhood, despite often being rendered invisible, actively participates in the production of meaning about its environment, especially through narrative. ii) objective: this article analyzes the appropriation of territory in rural childhood and the role of narratives in this process. iii) methodology: a qualitative research approach was employed to capture participants’ perceptions of their sense of belonging. A phenomenological design was proposed, enabling an exploration of each participant’s experiences and providing a meaningful contribution to the construction of subjectivity within the rural context. The analysis was carried out through category coding with the support of Atlas.ti software. iv) results: the findings show that narratives facilitate the re-signification of the environment, expressing community bonds and strengthening dimensions of the psychological sense of community, such as membership and emotional connection. v) conclusions: narrative as a psychosocial strategy operates through transformation, which reinforces the symbolic appropriation of territory and promotes collective empowerment from childhood.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: appropriation of territory
  topic: keywords
subject: narratives
  topic: keywords
subject: sense of community, territories, culture, identity.
  topic: keywords
subject: childhood
  topic: keywords
subject: psychosocial strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: transmedia narratives
  topic: keywords
creator: Diana Milena Vargas Rodríguez
creator: Derly Juliana Talero Castiblanco
creator: Liliana Fernanda Moreno Rubiano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
ending page: 946
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.946

Active participation in the current context of higher education.
type: item
description: Introduction: The problem addressed in this article refers to the insufficient level of active participation by students, which has been evident in the international context in the field of higher education. Objective: To place this issue in the Chilean national context, investigating the levels of active participation present in a sample of third-year students studying special education at the Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception. Methodology: To achieve the proposed goal, the “Class Participation Factors Questionnaire” was administered, and systematic observation and interviews with teachers were conducted. Results: The results revealed the presence of a mixed teaching methodology among teachers, as well as a lack of knowledge among students and a positive self-perception of participation. Conclusions: It was concluded that there is a need to improve the factors linked to active participation, as the results obtained reveal areas for improvement in this regard.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: educational participation
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: active learning
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
creator: Fabios Giuliano Zapata Toloza
creator: Maite Otondo Briceño
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
ending page: 941
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.941

Vocational guidance programs in technical secondary education in Colombia: scoping review
type: item
description: Introduction: Technical secondary education should address labor market demands and develop the talent required by Colombian industry. Vocational guidance plays a key role in achieving a close correspondence between these areas. Although studies have been conducted at the national level, there remains a need to determine whether educational programs reflect the real needs of each region. Objective: To describe Colombia’s technical secondary vocational guidance programs, considering their pedagogical, curricular, contextual, and labor foundations, as well as their potential impact on regional economic competitiveness. Methodology: A search of international electronic databases was conducted for articles published since 2020. Sixty-seven studies were identified, of which seven met the inclusion criteria. Results: The programs integrate various theories and approaches, primarily vocational development theory, action research, and life project methodology. Although aligning training programs with production demands enhances employment opportunities and regional development, only three studies addressed this variable. Most of the programs analyzed were implemented in urban institutions. Across studies, vocational guidance was shown to involve educational, socioeconomic, family, and psychological factors. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for curricular reforms to expand and institutionalize vocational guidance as a transversal and longitudinal axis in secondary education, as well as the importance of adapting strategies to regional diversity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vocational guidance
  topic: keywords
subject: education and employment
  topic: keywords
subject: occupational choice
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary education
  topic: keywords
subject: prevocational education
  topic: keywords
creator: Leidy Luz Hadechini-Meza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
ending page: 935
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.935

Narratives of the Educational Community and the Institutional Horizon: Tensions and Convergences in the Construction of School Identity
type: item
description: Introduction: This study addresses the relationship between the narratives of the educational community and the Institutional Framework (Horizonte Institucional) of the Rural Educational Institution Carbonera, located in the municipality of Andes (Antioquia). It seeks to understand how the perceptions and experiences of school actors relate to the formal principles established in the institutional document. Objective: To analyze the relationships between the narratives of students, teachers, and parents, and the postulates of the Institutional Framework, identifying convergences, dissonances, and discursive gaps. Methodology: The research adopts a qualitative approach within a hermeneutic paradigm, employing a design based on discourse analysis. Semi-structured interviews and conceptual matrices were used to compare community narratives with the institutional text. Results: The findings show that local narratives incorporate categories absent from the official document, revealing a gap between everyday experiences and normative discourse. This gap suggests a prioritization of external standards over contextual particularities. Conclusions: It is proposed that the Institutional Framework be reformulated from a polyphonic and inclusive narrative identity, capable of reflecting rural realities and strengthening the school as a democratic and contextually grounded space.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: educational narratives
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional horizon
  topic: keywords
subject: school identity
  topic: keywords
subject: discourse analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Johan Stiven Candelo Burgos
creator: Jorge Eliécer Cano
creator: Wbeimar Cifuentes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
ending page: 926
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.926

Model of weight bias internalization over body image, eating behavoir and photografic control
type: item
description: i) introduction: It has been proved that weight bias internalization (WBI) enhances body image dissatisfaction (BID), risky eating behaviors (REB) and body image control in photographs (BICP); ii) objective: Test a model which directly predicts BID, and indirectly predicts REB and BICP through BID, using path analysis; iii) methodology: The sample included 187 Mexican adolescents, with an average age of 13.26 years old. Four scales validated in Spanish and for adolescents were used. Path analysis was used to test the structural model. This involved a single-group analysis and a multigroup analysis. Both analyses were performed using the asymptotically distribution-free least squares method; iv) results: The model had a good fit and was validated in the single-group sample. The multigroup analysis revealed that the model is suitable for both sexes, but it is not invariant. v) conclusions: The model in which WBI directly predicts BID; and indirectly REB and BICP through BID, is validated in a sample of Mexican adolescents, having greater predictive capacity in women.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Weight bais
  topic: keywords
subject: Body dissatisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Eating disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescent
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniela Roldán Barrios
creator: José Moral de la Rubia
creator: Cecilia Meza Peña
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
ending page: 920
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.920

Collaborative Environments with Simulators: A Didactic Strategy to Strengthen Scientific Thinking in Schools
type: item
description: Introduction: Standardized test results show that Colombian secondary school students have difficulties in scientific literacy, especially in inquiry skills. Objective: To determine the impact of implementing a strategy based on collaborative learning complemented by simulators to strengthen scientific thinking skills. Methodology: The research was qualitative in nature, using an action research approach with a descriptive-interpretive scope. Forty students (aged 15-17) from a school in Barranquilla participated. Participant observation, a 10-item survey, and semi-structured interviews were used; the instruments were validated by expert judgment, and the information collected was analyzed using open-axial-selective coding and methodological triangulation. Results: Notable progress was recorded in question formulation, experimental design, evidence-based argumentation, and conclusion drawing. Students’ perceptions indicate that there was an increase in motivation, peer support, and conceptual understanding thanks to interactive simulators and Padlet. Conclusions: Integrating virtual simulators into collaborative environments is an effective and scalable strategy for enhancing scientific thinking in science classrooms with limited resources
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Collaborative learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Educationals simulators
  topic: keywords
subject: Science teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary education
  topic: keywords
creator: Oscar López Mendoza
creator: Gretel Judith Julio Ramos
creator: Shirley Isabel Barreiro Novoa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
ending page: 915
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.915

Approach to cognitive rehabilitation in people with intellectual disabilities through the use of computerized programs: a review of the concept of intellectual disability
type: item
description: Introduction: This article discusses the concept of intellectual disability from its origins to its current conception, raising concepts related to epidemiology, etiology and computerized cognitive intervention, and finally presents a reflection on the role of neuroscience in relation to intellectual disability. Aim: To analyze the different scientific studies that seek to understand how people with intellectual disabilities develop new learning. Methodology: Qualitative-descriptive, a reflective review and critical analysis of the different theoretical positions on the concept of intellectual disability was carried out through a manual search of articles indexed in different databases, 28 articles were selected (11 on intellectual disability, 11 on cognitive training programs for people with intellectual disability and 6 on the etiology of intellectual disability) Conclusions: Today the appropriate term is intellectual disability, cognitive interventions with technological tools used in people with intellectual disability have positive effect on learning processes, which affects the quality of life of these people, therefore it is sought to increase the item of research of experimental or quasi-experimental cut in people with intellectual disability. Keywords: Intellectual disability, cognitive intervention, neuroscience, learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroscience
  topic: keywords
creator: Alvaro Alejandro Acosta Echavarria
creator: Cecilia María Díaz Soto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
ending page: 914
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.914

Illicit Enrichment in the Public Sector: A Systematic Review of the Literature
type: item
description: Objective: This article aims to analyze the impact of illicit enrichment in the public sector. Methodology: A systematic review of the scientific literature on illicit enrichment and corruption in public administration was conducted, following the PRISMA 2020 methodology. Empirical and theoretical studies published between 2000 and 2023 were reviewed using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. After applying selection criteria, 57 studies were analyzed. Results: The research identifies factors that facilitate corrupt practices and their institutional and social implications. It addreses the causes, effects, and proposed solutions from legal, public policy, and preventive perspectives, as well as ethical, social, and legal frameworks. Conclusions: The study highlights the need to understand illicit enrichment from a multidisciplinary perspective. It offers recommendations for future research and for the development of more effective policies aimed at strengthening governmental integrity and reducing social inequality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti-corruption strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Illicit enrichment
  topic: keywords
subject: Public officials
  topic: keywords
subject: Systematic review
  topic: keywords
creator: Javier Montealegre
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-14
publication date: 2025-08-14
ending page: 910
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.37.910

Quality and relevance of professional training in Speech Therapy: opinions of graduates and employers
type: item
description: Introduction: The research examines whether the program addresses the needs of individuals and communities. Objective: To analyze the relevance of the Speech-Language Pathology program at the University of Sucre. Methodology: A quantitative approach with a non-experimental, descriptive design. The population consisted of graduates and employers from organizations where the graduates were employed. A questionnaire was administered to assess the quality and relevance of the training in the program. Results: Regarding the theoretical, theoretical-practical, and attitudinal knowledge acquired, as well as the quality of teaching, class development, and the materials and equipment used during the training, graduates expressed a high level of satisfaction. Employers, on the other hand, considered that the performance of competencies in the areas of scientific-humanistic, professional, and flexible training adequately aligned with the expected professional profile. Conclusions: The high level of satisfaction among graduates regarding the competencies acquired in various relevant areas indicates the relevance of the curriculum. As for the employers, the domains and competencies of knowledge, skills, and attitudes showed that the training provided by the program is pertinent, ensuring the professional performance of speech-language pathologists in the workplace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quality of education
  topic: keywords
subject: Speech-language pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Relevance of education
  topic: keywords
subject: Professionals
  topic: keywords
creator: Karina Margarita Ucrós Fuenmayor
creator: Marinela Alvarez Borrero
creator: Judith Martínez-Royert
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
ending page: 905
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.905

Pedagogical and Technological Guidelines: Integrating ICT into Pedagogical Practice for School Coexistence
type: item
description: Introduction: The incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education is essential to promote innovative pedagogical practices that foster a culture of peace and school coexistence. Objective: to review the main pedagogical and technological guidelines present in international and national regulations, with emphasis on Colombian guidelines, which guide the integration of ICT in education. Methodology: a qualitative methodology was used based on the systematic review of 20 documents obtained from databases such as Scielo, Redalyc, Google Scholar and Scopus, as well as from international organizations, scientific articles and official documents published between 2015 and 2025 were considered. Results: the effective integration of ICTs in pedagogical practice to strengthen school coexistence requires: curricular innovation, teacher training, organizational transformation, ethical use of technologies, creation of open digital environments, adequate technological infrastructure and taking advantage of the potential of ICTs in promoting a culture of peace. Conclusions: the analyzed regulations promote the responsible use of technologies, the development of digital competences, the curricular resignification, recognizing the value of ICTs to foster peaceful school environments in line with the demand of contemporary digital society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School coexistence
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical practice
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT
  topic: keywords
creator: Luz Del Socorro Castro Mendoza
creator: Claudia Llinás Torres
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-06
publication date: 2025-09-06
ending page: 899
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.37.899

Difficulties in the Pronunciation of English Vowel Sounds in Sixth Grade Spanish-Speaking Students in Barranquilla, Colombia
type: item
description: Objective: This study analyzes the difficulties in pronouncing specific English vowel sounds (/ɪ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/, /ə/) among sixth-grade students at Nazareth Olaya School in Barranquilla, Colombia. Methodology: Using a mixed-methods approach with a case study design, the research involved a non-probability sample of six students. Data collection instruments included participant observation, interviews, analysis of audiovisual material, and surveys. Results: Persistent articulation problems were revealed, mainly due to differences between the Spanish and English vowel systems. Common error patterns were identified, such as confusion between similar sounds and the substitution of English phonemes for their Spanish counterparts. In addition, unclear articulation of certain vowels was observed, which negatively affects students' communicative competence in English. Conclusions: The study highlights the lack of specific pedagogical intervention to address these problems, which contributes to their persistence throughout the learning process. Phonetic barriers and the absence of specialized teaching resources in the classroom further exacerbate the problem.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English vowel sounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Linguistic interference
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Phonetic errors
  topic: keywords
subject: Pronunciation difficulties
  topic: keywords
creator: Sara Concepción Maury Mena
creator: Carlos Daniel Rosanía Mendoza
creator: Luis Carlos Ucrós Zapata
creator: Diana Marcela De Ávila Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
ending page: 897
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.36.897

Occupational stress based on psychosocial risks in teleworkers in Colombia.
type: item
description: Introduction: This research identifies work-related stress associated with psychosocial risks among teleworkers in the service sector in Colombia, who are exposed to physical and mental disorders that significantly impact their family and social environments. In response, companies are seeking strategies to mitigate these effects. Objective: To analyze work-related stress based on psychosocial risks in teleworkers in Colombia. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted using a hermeneutic documentary approach. The research employed techniques such as observation, document analysis, and literature review, supported by instruments including bibliographic cards, summaries, concept maps, synoptic charts, and essays, following a rigorous logical-methodological structure. Results: Teleworking operates within a highly competitive environment that demands constant productivity. The pressure exerted by employers increases the level of demands placed on workers, contributing to the emergence of work-related stress and adversely affecting their physical and mental health. Conclusions: Work-related stress is a recognized occupational disease that significantly affects teleworkers. Therefore, it is essential to implement preventive occupational health and safety programs to avoid the chronicity of associated disorders and to promote the comprehensive well-being of workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Occupational well-being
  topic: keywords
subject: Workplace stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychosocial risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational health and safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Teleworking
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Luis Restrepo Pimienta
creator: José Javier Nuvaez Castillo
creator: Raul Francisco Almarales Quintero
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
ending page: 892
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.37.892

EFL learning through ICT: 10th graders’ perceptions during the COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia
type: item
description: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed education, making online learning and the use of ICT tools essential for academic continuity. Objective: This study explores tenth-grade students’ perceptions of their English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning process mediated by ICT tools during lockdown, identifying both challenges and benefits. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-methods design with a descriptive scope, collecting data through a survey and semi-structured interviews to integrate quantitative results with qualitative perceptions. Results: Findings indicate that, although students recognized the importance of learning English, they faced difficulties in developing communication skills due to limited interaction. Motivation and confidence in speaking English varied, and many struggled to participate actively. The role of teachers and digital tools was perceived as supportive but also limiting, depending on the availability of resources and structured guidance. Technical issues, such as internet disruptions, also affected participation. Conclusions: ICT tools were essential for maintaining English language teaching during the pandemic, but they failed to fully replicate the dynamic interactions of the classroom.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EFL learning
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT tools
  topic: keywords
subject: online education
  topic: keywords
subject: student perceptions
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
creator: Jeniffer Xiomara Barrios Sánchez
creator: Laureth Lisneidy López Vargas
creator: Paola Julie Aguilar-Cruz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
ending page: 891
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.891

Design-based research for generating learning opportunities in school mathematics in rural contexts
type: item
description: Introduction: In recent years, Design-Based Research (DBR) has been consolidating as fruitful and robust in the field of mathematical education since it facilitates the articulation between investigation and the real needs of instruction. However, limitations persist in terms of concrete examples of its application, especially in Doctoral research. Objective: Describe a route of the use of DBR in the generation of theorical and practical contributions, from a doctoral study, whose contribution was the construction of the construct of quality learning opportunities and of a methodology to generate these opportunities. Methodology: The research was installed in a qualitative paradigm, with descriptive scope. Through of a documentary review and a content analysis. Results: A route for the elaboration of doctoral studies is described following the phases of DBR, based on a specific case. From progressive refi- nement of conjectures using hypothetical learning trajectories. Conclusion: DBR is presented as a solid methodological strategy that allows generating theoretical contributions while improving instructions
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Design-Based Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Sandra Patricia Rojas Sevilla
creator: Roberto Torres Peña
creator: Jairo Escorcia Mercado
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
ending page: 889
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.37.889

Trade Dress as an Asset of Intellectual Property: A Vision from the North American Legal Thought
type: item
description: Introduction: Trade dress, understood as the set of distinctive visual elements of a product or establishment, is a valuable intangible asset for companies. Not surprisingly, although there are various legal avenues for its protection, such as copyright, industrial designs, or unfair competition, these have significant limitations in terms of their duration and evidentiary scope. Objective: To analyze, with a focus on American legal thinking, the most effective means of protection for trade dress. Methodology: A hermeneutic-systematic approach and a documentary analysis of doctrine and jurisprudence from databases such as Scopus and JSTOR were used, selecting American doctrine as a pioneer in this field. Results: Analysis of the different solutions and landmark cases in the US showed that the protection of trade dress, whether in the field of architecture or packaging design, depends on the requirements of distinctiveness and non-functionality. Conclusions: Protection through distinctive signs, specifically three-dimensional trademarks, appears to be the most effective and lasting route. This strategy not only safeguards business investment but also prevents consumer confusion and facilitates the construction of a solid brand identity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trade Dress
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual Property
  topic: keywords
subject: North American Legal Thought
  topic: keywords
subject: Unfair Competition
  topic: keywords
subject: Three-Dimensional Trademarks
  topic: keywords
creator: Iván Vargas-Chaves
creator: Diana Marulanda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
ending page: 888
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.888

Exploring relationship between age and environmental sustainability behaviors among students at Simón Bolívar University
type: item
description: Introduction: In recent years, there has been growing interest in recognizing age as a key element of diversity and inclusion in higher education, considering it a valuable means of promoting sustainable behaviors. Objective: To explore the relationship between age and environmental sustainability behaviors among students of the Psychology Program at Universidad Simón Bolívar in Barranquilla, Colombia. Methodology: A survey with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.871 was administered to 82 students from the Psychology Program at Universidad Simón Bolívar. Results: The findings indicate that the relationship between age and environmental sustainability behaviors among students is most evident between the ages of 22 and 23 (p < 0.005; observed value = 0.018). Conclusions: This finding reinforces the idea that age acts as a determining factor in the development of greater moral and ethical sensitivity toward behaviors consistent with the principles of environmental sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: Age
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: LOURDES ISABEL ALBOR-CHADID
creator: Brayan Stevenn Dominguez Lozano
creator: Karen Margarita Saenz Diaz
creator: Gabriela Mutis Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
ending page: 887
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.887

Impact of the Media San Francisco de Asís Educational Institution in Medellin
type: item
description: Introduction: Mass media play a relevant role in the relationship between the San Francisco de Asís Educational Institution and the educational community, as they facilitate interaction, collaboration, and the flow of information, which are fundamental aspects for students’ academic development. Objective: To describe the implementation and perceptions of the educational community regarding the use of mass media in the institutional context. Methodology: A quantitative study with a descriptive scope, using a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. A survey was administered (a 10- item closed-ended questionnaire using a four-point Likert scale) to 250 participants (teachers, students, and caregivers), who were randomly selected. Data were processed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and organized into tables using spreadsheet tools. Results: The results indicate that the educational community recognizes the pedagogical potential of mass media; however, it also identifies risks associated with the inappropriate use of social networks, particularly in relation to school coexistence and academic distraction. Conclusions: It is concluded that strengthening media literacy processes and institutional support is necessary to promote responsible, critical, and educational use of mass media in the school context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School coexistence
  topic: keywords
subject: Media literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mass media
  topic: keywords
subject: Social networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Efraín Darío Ochoa Londoño
creator: Camilo Andrés Díaz Pulido
creator: Jefferson Tello Zuluaga
creator: Jhan Carlos Herrera Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
ending page: 886
doi: 10.21803/penamer.19.39.886

Female empowerment: main idea of social change in the colombian countryside
type: item
description: Objective: This article examines the process of female empowerment in rural areas of Colombia, analyzing its impact on the reduction of social identity and equity gaps, as well as on the promotion of social cohesion. Methodology: The study employs analytical and descriptive methodologies. A multiple regression model incorporating several factors is used to explore the direct and indirect relationships between the variables and to evaluate their dependence on employment status. The independent variables considered include culture, housing and education. Results: The results indicate that a person's job role or location is significantly influenced by factors such as age, marital status, number of children, educational level and region of belonging, which are identified as the most relevant determinants. Depending on the regions and cultural contexts analyzed, the findings of this study may open new lines of research or contribute to the design of strategies for value generation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural variables
  topic: keywords
subject: Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural women
  topic: keywords
subject: Social identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Sociodemographic conditions
  topic: keywords
subject: Work location
  topic: keywords
creator: German Enrique Reyes Rojas
creator: Martha Isabel Amado Piñeros
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-02-24
publication date: 2025-02-24
ending page: 883
doi: 10.21803/penamer.17.35.883

Intersections of work, families and care: ¿reconciliation with co-responsibility?
type: item
description: Introduction: This article presents reflections derived from the research project “Social Organization of Childcare for Boys and Girls under 12 in Family Groups: An Analysis from Gender and Socioeconomic Position”, conducted in Cartagena. The study aims to contribute to the institutionalization of care from a perspective of social co-responsibility. Objective: To understand the meanings associated with the organization of childcare within families, in relation to their articulation with the State, the market, neighborhood networks, and NGOs. Methodology: A qualitative approach was adopted, using semi-structured interviews with mothers and fathers, and focus groups with children. Results: The findings reveal tensions arising from the dual responsibility of working and caregiving, particularly due to the unequal distribution of tasks, the female care overload, and the limited male participation. In the labor sphere, the absence of effective work–family reconciliation policies is evident, often leading to rights violations. Conclusions: Reconciliation policies continue to be conceived as family matters centered on women, without incorporating a vision of shared responsibility or corporate social commitment, thus perpetuating gender gaps in both work and home environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gender, families, childhood, work, care, conciliation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mercedes Rodríguez López
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
ending page: 874
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.38.874

Cognitive Interactions: The Relationship between Working Memory and Reading Comprehension in Elementary School Children
type: item
description: Introduction: Working memory and reading comprehension are essential cognitive processes for students academic development. Objective: This research explores the relationship between these variables in elementary school children, analyzing key studies that demonstrate how working memory facilitates decoding and text processing and on the other hand, in reading comprehension, as a process of great importance in meaningful learning, interpretation and consolidation of a priori knowledge in children. Methodology: Theoretical models such as Baddeley and Hitch (1974) are discussed and their applicability in the educational context is evaluated. Result: The implications of these findings are highlighted to design pedagogical strategies that optimize more effective teaching strategies based on the needs and abilities of the students, which can help to improve their skills in the reading comprehension process. Conclusion: Finally, it was possible to identify gaps in the literature that may help future research proposals that can generate pedagogical interventions based on these skills to optimize academic performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: working memory
  topic: keywords
subject: reading comprehension
  topic: keywords
subject: neuropsychology
  topic: keywords
subject: learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Fabian Marquez Osorio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensamiento Americano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-04
publication date: 2025-06-04
ending page: 873
doi: 10.21803/penamer.18.36.873